稀土元素钕对菲律宾蛤仔金属硫蛋白的诱导效应

稀土元素能否诱导海洋生物合成MTs(金属硫蛋白),将影响到MTs对海水重金属的指示作用. 以菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)为试验动物,采用含稀土Nd3+的人工海水对其进行暴露培养,测定蛤仔鳃部和内脏中MTs含量随暴露剂量和时间的变化. 结果表明,Nd3+暴露能够增加蛤仔体内MTs含量. ρ(Nd3+)为0.1～10 μg/L时能明显促进蛤仔鳃和内脏MTs的合成;蛤仔在ρ(Nd3+)为1 μg/L下暴露培养7 d,内脏MTs含量达到最高水平;同时,光谱扫描及SDS-PAGE分析表明,Nd3+诱导的蛤仔内脏中MTs在258 nm处有特征吸收峰,主要以二聚体和三聚体的形式存在,分子质量分别为13.0和18.1 ku.      

镧(Ⅲ)离子诱导的菲律宾蛤仔金属硫蛋白性质研究

稀土离子能否诱导海洋生物的金属硫蛋白(MT)合成,将影响到MT对海水重金属的指示作用.以菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)为试验动物,采用含镧(Ⅲ)离子(La3+)的人工海水对其进行暴露培养,测定蛤仔鳃部和内脏中MT含量.结果表明,La3+暴露能够增加蛤仔体内MT含量,其中,10～1×100μg·L-1的La3+对鳃部诱导作用较大;10～1×10000μg·L-1的La3+对内脏MT均有较好诱导;同时,过柱层析洗脱液的光谱扫描及十二烷基的硫酸盐钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法(SDS-PAGE)分析表明,La3+诱导的蛤仔内脏中的MT在258nm处有特征吸收峰,主要以二聚体和三聚体的形式存在,分子量为13.1kD和18.3kD.     

中国北方菲律宾哈仔同工酶电泳的初步分析比较

通过聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳对中国北方五个群体的菲律宾蛤仔的酯酶、超氧化物歧化酶、葡萄糖六磷酸脱氢酶、苹果酸脱氢酶、磷酸葡萄糖异构酶、苹果酸酶和过氧化氢酶等同工酶进行了分析比较。结果表明，菲律宾蛤仔的同工酶电泳结果具有明显的地理群体特异性。     

UV系统净化贝类中大肠杆菌的研究

经人工方法使菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)体内积累埃希氏大肠菌(Escherichia coli)达到5个对数值后,放入小型紫外线(UV)循环净化系统中,通过正交试验来研究各种环境因子对贝类自身净化能力的影响。经56h净化处理后,贝肉中的E．coli减小约3个对数值。方差分析结果表明影响菲律宾蛤仔净化效果的因子依次为水交换率、贝水比和温度,其最佳的净化条件为：换水率3次／h、贝水比为1：4、温度15℃。证明紫外线系统用于净化菲律宾蛤仔是有效的。     

Application of a Random Forest algorithm to predict spatial distribution of the potential yield of Ruditapes philippinarum in the Venice lagoon, Italy

We present a modelling framework that combines machine learning techniques and Geographic Information Systems to support the management of an important aquaculture species, Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum). We use the Venice lagoon (Italy), the first site in Europe for the production of R. philippinarum, to illustrate the potential of this modelling approach. To investigate the relationship between the yield of R. philippinarum and a set of environmental factors, we used a Random Forest (RF) algorithm. The RF model was tuned with a large data set (n = 1698) and validated by an independent data set (n = 841). Overall, the model provided good predictions of site-specific yields and the analysis of marginal effect of predictors showed substantial agreement among the modelled responses and available ecological knowledge for R. philippinarum. The most influent environmental factors for yield estimation were percentage of sand in the sediment, salinity, and water depth. Our results agree with findings from other North Adriatic lagoons. The application of the fitted RF model to continuous maps of all the environmental variables allowed estimates of the potential yield for the whole basin. Such a spatial representation enabled site-specific estimates of yield in different farming areas within the lagoon. We present a possible management application of our model by estimating the potential yield under the current farming distribution and comparing it to a proposed re-organization of the farming areas. Our analysis suggests a reduction of total yield is likely to result from the proposed re-organization.     

菲律宾蛤仔养殖对胶州湾沉积物-水界面生源要素迁移的影响

通过培养实验测定了菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)DIN和PO34-的排泄率和生物扰动作用对胶州湾沉积物-水界面营养盐交换通量的影响,探讨了菲律宾蛤仔养殖对沉积物-水界面生源要素迁移的影响.研究表明,菲律宾蛤仔能够排泄DIN和PO34-,但其生物扰动能够改变沉积物中生物地球化学过程,减少排泄物中的DIN和PO34-向水体释放.在生物扰动作用下,菲律宾蛤仔排泄的DIN和PO34-中,仅有37%(DIN)和34%(PO34--P)最终释放到水体中.在考虑生物扰动作用的影响后,养殖菲律宾蛤仔每年从水体滤除的生源要素中仅有19%的氮和17%的磷以无机营养盐形态完成再生过程返回到水层中,其余部分以渔获量、生物难于利用形态或埋藏的沉积颗粒形态从水层中清除.菲律宾蛤仔生物扰动条件下沉积物向水层释放Si∶N∶P的速率比约为5∶18∶1,其中Si∶N和Si∶P比远低于菲律宾蛤仔从水体中滤除的颗粒物.因此菲律宾蛤仔养殖能够加速生物硅沉积,加剧胶州湾水体中Si限制.     

阴离子表面活性剂SDS对菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)的急性毒性效应及抗氧化酶活性的影响

选择阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)作为污染物,以近海底栖双壳贝类菲律宾蛤仔为受试生物,研究了SDS胁迫对菲律宾蛤仔的急性毒性效应以及长期暴露后菲律宾蛤仔抗氧化酶(SOD,POD,CAT)活性的变化。结果表明,(1)随着SDS浓度的增加,对菲律宾蛤仔的毒性越强表现出"剂量-效应"关系,SDS对菲律宾蛤仔96 h的半数致死浓度LC50=1.466 mg/L;(2)SDS胁迫引起菲律宾蛤仔的SOD、POD、CAT活性显著变化,低浓度SDS对三种酶的活性均具有诱导作用,高浓度SDS对三种酶的活性均具有抑制效应,中浓度组的SOD和POD酶活性呈现先升后降的趋势,而CAT活性受到抑制;(3)不同组织的抗氧化酶活性对SDS的敏感性表现出一定的差异性,对于SOD与CAT,三种组织敏感性为内脏团>外套膜>肌肉组织,而POD敏感性为外套膜>内脏团>肌肉组织。     

6种重金属对3种海水养殖生物的急性毒性效应

以主要海水养殖动物菲律宾蛤仔、刺参、褐牙鲆为研究对象,采用静水毒性法评价了重金属对海洋生物的毒性效应,分别将受试动物暴露于不同浓度梯度的重金属Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn、Hg及As单种试液中,概率单位法求得半致死质量浓度。结果表明,同一种重金属对3种不同养殖生物的毒性存在明显差异(P0.05),Hg对菲律宾蛤仔、刺参及褐牙鲆3种养殖生物的96 hLC50分别为0.134 mg·L~(-1)、0.0246 mg·L~(-1)及0.238 mg·L~(-1);Cu为0.323 mg·L~(-1)、0.0499 mg·L~(-1)及0.975 mg·L~(-1);As为2.464 mg·L~(-1)、0.301 mg·L~(-1)及8.345 mg·L~(-1);Cd为2.843 mg·L~(-1)、1.111 mg·L~(-1)及6.787 mg·L~(-1);Zn为30.246 mg·L~(-1)、0.449 mg·L~(-1)及17.114 mg·L~(-1);Cr为32.591 mg·L~(-1)、2.205 mg·L~(-1)及95.137 mg·L~(-1)。6种重金属对菲律宾蛤仔毒性强弱:HgCuAsCdZnCr;对刺参毒性:HgCuAsZnCdCr;对褐牙鲆毒性:HgCuCdAsZnCr。综合结果表明:Hg、Cu毒性最强,Cd、As及Zn次之,Cr毒性最弱。研究结果可为海水增养殖区重金属风险评价提供理论依据。     

Faecal Coliforms in Bivalve Harvesting Areas of the Alvor Lagoon (Southern Portugal): Influence of Seasonal Variability and Urban Development

Faecal coliform (FC) levels in surface water and clams (Ruditapes decussatus) and variations in environmental parameters were studied in two bivalve harvesting areas in the Alvor lagoon (southern Portugal). Land use and cover characteristics in adjacent subwatersheds were also analysed to assess their contributions as sources of faecal contamination. High FC levels in clams from the harvesting area in the most urbanized subwatershed (impervious surface coverage ≈ 10.5%) were positively associated with rainfall and with the cooler periods of the year. FC levels in clams from the least urbanized subwatershed were generally very low and did not present any detectable seasonal trend. From these results, it was concluded that the periodic deterioration of the microbiological quality of clams derives from the cumulative impact of the reservoir of faecal contamination created in urbanized areas, entering into the lagoon during storm water runoff.     

菲律宾蛤仔对Cd加标沉积物的蓄积实验

研究了菲律宾蛤仔在加标沉积物中对Ｃｄ的蓄积。结果表明：在不同浓度的Ｃｄ加标沉积物中，菲律宾蛤仔的蓄积量不同，在相同的时间Ｃｄ浓度越高，蛤仔的蓄积量越大。随着时间的增加，蓄积量也随着增大。快速蓄积３０×１０－６左右，就能致菲律宾蛤仔死亡